Examining the Relationship between Manager-as-Coach and Employees Turnover: by Explaining the Mediating Role of Job Attitudes

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D Student of Public Management (Human Resource Management), Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch

2 Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch

Abstract

Nowadays the paradigm of manager-as-coach or coaching managerial is turned in to a new discourse in the human resources management field. Given the privileges that managers' coaching has for employees' job and behavior attitudes, many organizations and companies have been encouraged to institutionalize this management style. On this basis, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between manager-as-coach's behavior and employees' inclination for turnover, directly or indirectly, through employees' job attitudes such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational identity. Statistical population of the study is the staff of Ministry of Roads & Urban Development, 500 people were selected as sample using simple random sampling method. Structural equation modeling has been used for testing the hypotheses. The results of data analysis showed that manager-as-coach's behavior has a direct impact on job attitudes and reducing inclination for turnover. Also results indicated that there is a negative relationship between organizational identity and organizational commitment with reducing inclination for turnover. But there is no relationship between job satisfaction and inclination for turnover.

Keywords

Main Subjects


احمدزاده، سلیمان (1395)، تبیین و طراحی مدل پرورش مدیران میانی به‌عنوان مربی با رویکرد هم‌افزایی عملکرد در بخش دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: سعید صیادی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان.
امیری، قاسم و محمودزاده، سیدمجتبی (1394)، بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کاهش ترک خدمت کارکنان در سازمان‌های دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: ستاد وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 13، شمارۀ 2: 559 – 579
خدامی، عبدالصم (1392)، طراحی و تببین مدل سازمان مربی­گرا (مورد مطالعه: صنعت بیمه ایران)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: علیرضا موغلی، دانشگاه پیام­نور.
سلاجقه، سنجر و احمدزاده، سلیمان (1393)، بررسی تأثیر رهبری تحول‌آفرین مدیران بر نگرش‌های شغلی دبیران با نقش میانجی هویت سازمانی، پژوهش‌نامۀ مدیریت تحول، سال ششم، شمارۀ12: 72-90.
                سنگری، نگین و پورولی، بهروز (1393)، تأثیر رفتار مربیگری مدیریتی بر نتایج مرتبط با عملکرد کارکنان، فصلنامۀ فرایند مدیریت و توسعه، دورۀ 27، شمارۀ 3 (شماره پیاپی 89): 141-171.
سید جوادین، سید رضا؛ نرگسیان، عباس و باباشاهی، جبار (1389)، بررسی رابطه بین عجین‌شدن با کار بر ویژگی‌های رفتاری، فصلنامۀ چشم‌انداز مدیریت دولتی، شمارۀ 3: 47-62.
شجاعی، سامره؛ صادقی، منصوره و دنکوب، مرتضی (1395)، بررسی رابطه بین رهبری اصیل با نیت جابه‌جایی با نقش میانجی قلدری سازمانی، فصلنامۀ مطالعات رفتار سازمانی، سال پنجم، شمارۀ1(شماره پیاپی 17)، 65 – 91.
فتحی واجارگاه، کوروش؛ خراسانی، اباصلت؛ دانشمندی، سمیه و آرمان، مانی (1393)، بررسی و تبیین مدل مربیگری در آموزش منابع  انسانی بر اساس نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 12، شمارۀ 3، 375 -398.
Agarwal, R.; Angset, C. M., & magni. M. (2009). The performance effects of coaching: a multi level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(10), 2110-2134.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer J. P. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation.Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-858.
 
Bakker, A. B.; Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands-resource model. European Journal of Work and Organizational sychology, 12(4), 393-417.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). Handbook of leadership: Theory, Research, and Applications. NewYork: Free Press.
Beevers K., & Rea, A. (2010). Learning and development practice. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with mplications or research. The Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 55-70.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (1999). Managerial Coaching Behaviors in Learning Organizations. Journal of Management Development, 18(9), 752-771.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (2002). An examination of managers' beliefs about their role as facilitators of learning. Management Learning, 33(2), 147 – 179.
Ellinger, A. D.; Beattie, R. S., & Hamlin, R. G. (2014). The manager as coach. In E. Cox, T. Bachkirova &D. Clutterbuck (Eds.), the Complete Handbook of coaching (2nd ed), London: Sage 
Ellinger, A. D.; Ellinger, A. E., & Keller, S. B. (2003). Supervisor coaching behavior, employee satisfaction and warehouse employee performance: a dyadic perspective in the distribution industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 435 – 458.
Evered, r. d., & Selman, J. C. (1989). Coaching and the art of management. Organizational Dynamics Journal, 18(2), 16- 32.
Gilley, J. W. (2000). Manager as Learning Champion. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 13 (4), 106-121.
Grant, A. M. (2007). Enhancing coaching skills and emotional intelligence through training. industrial and commercial training, 39(5), 257 – 266.
Guther – Jones, M. (2011). The practice of coaching by line managers a tool to improve employee performance, learning and development at Cardiff council. Master Thesis of Public Administration. Cardiff Business of School.
Homan, M., & Miller. L. (2008). Coaching in organizations. best coaching practice from the Ken Belanchard Companies. John Wiley Sonns. Inc.
Jarvis, J. (2004). Coaching and buying coaching services. Chartered Instituted of Personnel and Development.
Joo, B. (2005). Executive coaching: a conceptual framework from an integrative review of practice and research. Human Resource Management Review, 4(4), 462 – 488.
Joo, B. K.; Sushko, J. S., & Mclean, G. N. (2012). Multiple face of coaching: manager – as – coaching, executive coaching, and formal mentoring. Organizational Development Journal, 1(30), 19- 38.
 Kidd, J. M., & Smewing. C. (2001). The role of the supervisor in career and organizational commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 25-40.
Ladyskewsky, R. K. (2010). The manager as coach as a driver of organizational development. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 292 – 306.
Marshall, m. k. (2007). The Critical aspect of coaching outcomes. PHD Thesis in Leadership and Change Program. Antioch University.
McCarthy, G., & Ahrens, J. (2011). Challenges of the coaching manager. 25th Annual Australia New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2011) (pp. 1-1). New Zealand: Anzam.
 
McLean, G. N.; Yang, B.; kuo, M. H. C.; Tolbert, A. S., & Larkinc, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of an instrument measuring managerial coaching skill. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(2), 157 – 178.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and pplication. Thousand Oak, CA: Sage.
Milner, J., & McCarthy, G. (2014). Training for the leader as coach in the Australian context. Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Annual Conference (pp. 1-15). Australia: Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management.
Mottaz, C. J. (1988). Determinants of organizational commitment. Human Relations, 41(6), 467-482.
Orth, C. D.; Wikinson, H. E., & Benfari, R. C. (1987). The manager role as coach and mentor. Organizational Dynamics, 15(4), 66-74.
Park, S. (2007). Relationships among Managerial Coaching in Organizations and the Outcomes of Personal Learning, Organizational Commitment, And Turnover Intention. doctoral dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Peterson, D. B., & Hicks, M. L. (1996). Leader as coach: strategies for coaching and developing others. Minneapolis, MN: Personnel Desiccation International.
Redshow, B. C. (2000). Do we really understand coaching? How can we make it work better? Industrial and commercial Training, 4(33), 198-202.
Robertson, J. (2005). Coaching leadership: building educational leadership capacity partnerships. New Zealand: NZCER Press.
Schiena, CH., & Ivarsson, C. (2005). Coaching as a management philosophy, Social Science and Business administration programmers. Master Thesis. Department and Social Science, Chalmers University.
Skjerve, A. B.; Karlstald, M.; Storseth, F.; Wero, L., & Groton, T. O. (2011). Planning for resilient collaboration at a new petroleum installation, a case study of coaching approach. Science Journal, xxx – xxx: 6 -8.
Sullivan, M. (1992). The coaching of the middle manager in Research Libraries.Library Trends/Fall, Newt even, 4(2), 269-281.
Wales, S. (2003). Why coaching? Journal of change management, 3(3), 275 – 282.
Wason, K. D. (2006). Coaching skills for managers & supervisors. Handbook: Akow Consultiy.
Westlan, C. (2010). Lower Bounds on Sample Size in Structural Equation Modeling.Electron. Commerce Res. Appl, 9 (6), 476–487
Zeus, P., & Skiffington, S. (2003). Establishing a coaching culture Includes extracts.From new text book "Behavioral Coaching" by and published and copyrighted by McGraw – Hill, NewYork,from:http://www.1to1coachingschool.com/Coaching_Culture_in_the_ workplace.htm.
 
 
 
 
 
احمدزاده، سلیمان (1395)، تبیین و طراحی مدل پرورش مدیران میانی به‌عنوان مربی با رویکرد هم‌افزایی عملکرد در بخش دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: سعید صیادی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان.
امیری، قاسم و محمودزاده، سیدمجتبی (1394)، بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کاهش ترک خدمت کارکنان در سازمان‌های دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: ستاد وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 13، شمارۀ 2: 559 – 579
خدامی، عبدالصم (1392)، طراحی و تببین مدل سازمان مربی­گرا (مورد مطالعه: صنعت بیمه ایران)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: علیرضا موغلی، دانشگاه پیام­نور.
سلاجقه، سنجر و احمدزاده، سلیمان (1393)، بررسی تأثیر رهبری تحول‌آفرین مدیران بر نگرش‌های شغلی دبیران با نقش میانجی هویت سازمانی، پژوهش‌نامۀ مدیریت تحول، سال ششم، شمارۀ12: 72-90.
                سنگری، نگین و پورولی، بهروز (1393)، تأثیر رفتار مربیگری مدیریتی بر نتایج مرتبط با عملکرد کارکنان، فصلنامۀ فرایند مدیریت و توسعه، دورۀ 27، شمارۀ 3 (شماره پیاپی 89): 141-171.
سید جوادین، سید رضا؛ نرگسیان، عباس و باباشاهی، جبار (1389)، بررسی رابطه بین عجین‌شدن با کار بر ویژگی‌های رفتاری، فصلنامۀ چشم‌انداز مدیریت دولتی، شمارۀ 3: 47-62.
شجاعی، سامره؛ صادقی، منصوره و دنکوب، مرتضی (1395)، بررسی رابطه بین رهبری اصیل با نیت جابه‌جایی با نقش میانجی قلدری سازمانی، فصلنامۀ مطالعات رفتار سازمانی، سال پنجم، شمارۀ1(شماره پیاپی 17)، 65 – 91.
فتحی واجارگاه، کوروش؛ خراسانی، اباصلت؛ دانشمندی، سمیه و آرمان، مانی (1393)، بررسی و تبیین مدل مربیگری در آموزش منابع  انسانی بر اساس نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 12، شمارۀ 3، 375 -398.
Agarwal, R.; Angset, C. M., & magni. M. (2009). The performance effects of coaching: a multi level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(10), 2110-2134.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer J. P. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation.Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-858.
 
Bakker, A. B.; Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands-resource model. European Journal of Work and Organizational sychology, 12(4), 393-417.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). Handbook of leadership: Theory, Research, and Applications. NewYork: Free Press.
Beevers K., & Rea, A. (2010). Learning and development practice. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with mplications or research. The Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 55-70.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (1999). Managerial Coaching Behaviors in Learning Organizations. Journal of Management Development, 18(9), 752-771.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (2002). An examination of managers' beliefs about their role as facilitators of learning. Management Learning, 33(2), 147 – 179.
Ellinger, A. D.; Beattie, R. S., & Hamlin, R. G. (2014). The manager as coach. In E. Cox, T. Bachkirova &D. Clutterbuck (Eds.), the Complete Handbook of coaching (2nd ed), London: Sage 
Ellinger, A. D.; Ellinger, A. E., & Keller, S. B. (2003). Supervisor coaching behavior, employee satisfaction and warehouse employee performance: a dyadic perspective in the distribution industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 435 – 458.
Evered, r. d., & Selman, J. C. (1989). Coaching and the art of management. Organizational Dynamics Journal, 18(2), 16- 32.
Gilley, J. W. (2000). Manager as Learning Champion. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 13 (4), 106-121.
Grant, A. M. (2007). Enhancing coaching skills and emotional intelligence through training. industrial and commercial training, 39(5), 257 – 266.
Guther – Jones, M. (2011). The practice of coaching by line managers a tool to improve employee performance, learning and development at Cardiff council. Master Thesis of Public Administration. Cardiff Business of School.
Homan, M., & Miller. L. (2008). Coaching in organizations. best coaching practice from the Ken Belanchard Companies. John Wiley Sonns. Inc.
Jarvis, J. (2004). Coaching and buying coaching services. Chartered Instituted of Personnel and Development.
Joo, B. (2005). Executive coaching: a conceptual framework from an integrative review of practice and research. Human Resource Management Review, 4(4), 462 – 488.
Joo, B. K.; Sushko, J. S., & Mclean, G. N. (2012). Multiple face of coaching: manager – as – coaching, executive coaching, and formal mentoring. Organizational Development Journal, 1(30), 19- 38.
 Kidd, J. M., & Smewing. C. (2001). The role of the supervisor in career and organizational commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 25-40.
Ladyskewsky, R. K. (2010). The manager as coach as a driver of organizational development. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 292 – 306.
Marshall, m. k. (2007). The Critical aspect of coaching outcomes. PHD Thesis in Leadership and Change Program. Antioch University.
McCarthy, G., & Ahrens, J. (2011). Challenges of the coaching manager. 25th Annual Australia New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2011) (pp. 1-1). New Zealand: Anzam.
 
McLean, G. N.; Yang, B.; kuo, M. H. C.; Tolbert, A. S., & Larkinc, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of an instrument measuring managerial coaching skill. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(2), 157 – 178.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and pplication. Thousand Oak, CA: Sage.
Milner, J., & McCarthy, G. (2014). Training for the leader as coach in the Australian context. Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Annual Conference (pp. 1-15). Australia: Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management.
Mottaz, C. J. (1988). Determinants of organizational commitment. Human Relations, 41(6), 467-482.
Orth, C. D.; Wikinson, H. E., & Benfari, R. C. (1987). The manager role as coach and mentor. Organizational Dynamics, 15(4), 66-74.
Park, S. (2007). Relationships among Managerial Coaching in Organizations and the Outcomes of Personal Learning, Organizational Commitment, And Turnover Intention. doctoral dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Peterson, D. B., & Hicks, M. L. (1996). Leader as coach: strategies for coaching and developing others. Minneapolis, MN: Personnel Desiccation International.
Redshow, B. C. (2000). Do we really understand coaching? How can we make it work better? Industrial and commercial Training, 4(33), 198-202.
Robertson, J. (2005). Coaching leadership: building educational leadership capacity partnerships. New Zealand: NZCER Press.
Schiena, CH., & Ivarsson, C. (2005). Coaching as a management philosophy, Social Science and Business administration programmers. Master Thesis. Department and Social Science, Chalmers University.
Skjerve, A. B.; Karlstald, M.; Storseth, F.; Wero, L., & Groton, T. O. (2011). Planning for resilient collaboration at a new petroleum installation, a case study of coaching approach. Science Journal, xxx – xxx: 6 -8.
Sullivan, M. (1992). The coaching of the middle manager in Research Libraries.Library Trends/Fall, Newt even, 4(2), 269-281.
Wales, S. (2003). Why coaching? Journal of change management, 3(3), 275 – 282.
Wason, K. D. (2006). Coaching skills for managers & supervisors. Handbook: Akow Consultiy.
Westlan, C. (2010). Lower Bounds on Sample Size in Structural Equation Modeling.Electron. Commerce Res. Appl, 9 (6), 476–487
Zeus, P., & Skiffington, S. (2003). Establishing a coaching culture Includes extracts.From new text book "Behavioral Coaching" by and published and copyrighted by McGraw – Hill, NewYork,from:http://www.1to1coachingschool.com/Coaching_Culture_in_the_ workplace.htm.
 
 
 
 
 
احمدزاده، سلیمان (1395)، تبیین و طراحی مدل پرورش مدیران میانی به‌عنوان مربی با رویکرد هم‌افزایی عملکرد در بخش دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: سعید صیادی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان.
امیری، قاسم و محمودزاده، سیدمجتبی (1394)، بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کاهش ترک خدمت کارکنان در سازمان‌های دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: ستاد وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 13، شمارۀ 2: 559 – 579
خدامی، عبدالصم (1392)، طراحی و تببین مدل سازمان مربی­گرا (مورد مطالعه: صنعت بیمه ایران)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: علیرضا موغلی، دانشگاه پیام­نور.
سلاجقه، سنجر و احمدزاده، سلیمان (1393)، بررسی تأثیر رهبری تحول‌آفرین مدیران بر نگرش‌های شغلی دبیران با نقش میانجی هویت سازمانی، پژوهش‌نامۀ مدیریت تحول، سال ششم، شمارۀ12: 72-90.
                سنگری، نگین و پورولی، بهروز (1393)، تأثیر رفتار مربیگری مدیریتی بر نتایج مرتبط با عملکرد کارکنان، فصلنامۀ فرایند مدیریت و توسعه، دورۀ 27، شمارۀ 3 (شماره پیاپی 89): 141-171.
سید جوادین، سید رضا؛ نرگسیان، عباس و باباشاهی، جبار (1389)، بررسی رابطه بین عجین‌شدن با کار بر ویژگی‌های رفتاری، فصلنامۀ چشم‌انداز مدیریت دولتی، شمارۀ 3: 47-62.
شجاعی، سامره؛ صادقی، منصوره و دنکوب، مرتضی (1395)، بررسی رابطه بین رهبری اصیل با نیت جابه‌جایی با نقش میانجی قلدری سازمانی، فصلنامۀ مطالعات رفتار سازمانی، سال پنجم، شمارۀ1(شماره پیاپی 17)، 65 – 91.
فتحی واجارگاه، کوروش؛ خراسانی، اباصلت؛ دانشمندی، سمیه و آرمان، مانی (1393)، بررسی و تبیین مدل مربیگری در آموزش منابع  انسانی بر اساس نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 12، شمارۀ 3، 375 -398.
Agarwal, R.; Angset, C. M., & magni. M. (2009). The performance effects of coaching: a multi level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(10), 2110-2134.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer J. P. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation.Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-858.
 
Bakker, A. B.; Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands-resource model. European Journal of Work and Organizational sychology, 12(4), 393-417.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). Handbook of leadership: Theory, Research, and Applications. NewYork: Free Press.
Beevers K., & Rea, A. (2010). Learning and development practice. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with mplications or research. The Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 55-70.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (1999). Managerial Coaching Behaviors in Learning Organizations. Journal of Management Development, 18(9), 752-771.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (2002). An examination of managers' beliefs about their role as facilitators of learning. Management Learning, 33(2), 147 – 179.
Ellinger, A. D.; Beattie, R. S., & Hamlin, R. G. (2014). The manager as coach. In E. Cox, T. Bachkirova &D. Clutterbuck (Eds.), the Complete Handbook of coaching (2nd ed), London: Sage 
Ellinger, A. D.; Ellinger, A. E., & Keller, S. B. (2003). Supervisor coaching behavior, employee satisfaction and warehouse employee performance: a dyadic perspective in the distribution industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 435 – 458.
Evered, r. d., & Selman, J. C. (1989). Coaching and the art of management. Organizational Dynamics Journal, 18(2), 16- 32.
Gilley, J. W. (2000). Manager as Learning Champion. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 13 (4), 106-121.
Grant, A. M. (2007). Enhancing coaching skills and emotional intelligence through training. industrial and commercial training, 39(5), 257 – 266.
Guther – Jones, M. (2011). The practice of coaching by line managers a tool to improve employee performance, learning and development at Cardiff council. Master Thesis of Public Administration. Cardiff Business of School.
Homan, M., & Miller. L. (2008). Coaching in organizations. best coaching practice from the Ken Belanchard Companies. John Wiley Sonns. Inc.
Jarvis, J. (2004). Coaching and buying coaching services. Chartered Instituted of Personnel and Development.
Joo, B. (2005). Executive coaching: a conceptual framework from an integrative review of practice and research. Human Resource Management Review, 4(4), 462 – 488.
Joo, B. K.; Sushko, J. S., & Mclean, G. N. (2012). Multiple face of coaching: manager – as – coaching, executive coaching, and formal mentoring. Organizational Development Journal, 1(30), 19- 38.
 Kidd, J. M., & Smewing. C. (2001). The role of the supervisor in career and organizational commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 25-40.
Ladyskewsky, R. K. (2010). The manager as coach as a driver of organizational development. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 292 – 306.
Marshall, m. k. (2007). The Critical aspect of coaching outcomes. PHD Thesis in Leadership and Change Program. Antioch University.
McCarthy, G., & Ahrens, J. (2011). Challenges of the coaching manager. 25th Annual Australia New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2011) (pp. 1-1). New Zealand: Anzam.
 
McLean, G. N.; Yang, B.; kuo, M. H. C.; Tolbert, A. S., & Larkinc, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of an instrument measuring managerial coaching skill. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(2), 157 – 178.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and pplication. Thousand Oak, CA: Sage.
Milner, J., & McCarthy, G. (2014). Training for the leader as coach in the Australian context. Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Annual Conference (pp. 1-15). Australia: Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management.
Mottaz, C. J. (1988). Determinants of organizational commitment. Human Relations, 41(6), 467-482.
Orth, C. D.; Wikinson, H. E., & Benfari, R. C. (1987). The manager role as coach and mentor. Organizational Dynamics, 15(4), 66-74.
Park, S. (2007). Relationships among Managerial Coaching in Organizations and the Outcomes of Personal Learning, Organizational Commitment, And Turnover Intention. doctoral dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Peterson, D. B., & Hicks, M. L. (1996). Leader as coach: strategies for coaching and developing others. Minneapolis, MN: Personnel Desiccation International.
Redshow, B. C. (2000). Do we really understand coaching? How can we make it work better? Industrial and commercial Training, 4(33), 198-202.
Robertson, J. (2005). Coaching leadership: building educational leadership capacity partnerships. New Zealand: NZCER Press.
Schiena, CH., & Ivarsson, C. (2005). Coaching as a management philosophy, Social Science and Business administration programmers. Master Thesis. Department and Social Science, Chalmers University.
Skjerve, A. B.; Karlstald, M.; Storseth, F.; Wero, L., & Groton, T. O. (2011). Planning for resilient collaboration at a new petroleum installation, a case study of coaching approach. Science Journal, xxx – xxx: 6 -8.
Sullivan, M. (1992). The coaching of the middle manager in Research Libraries.Library Trends/Fall, Newt even, 4(2), 269-281.
Wales, S. (2003). Why coaching? Journal of change management, 3(3), 275 – 282.
Wason, K. D. (2006). Coaching skills for managers & supervisors. Handbook: Akow Consultiy.
Westlan, C. (2010). Lower Bounds on Sample Size in Structural Equation Modeling.Electron. Commerce Res. Appl, 9 (6), 476–487
Zeus, P., & Skiffington, S. (2003). Establishing a coaching culture Includes extracts.From new text book "Behavioral Coaching" by and published and copyrighted by McGraw – Hill, NewYork,from:http://www.1to1coachingschool.com/Coaching_Culture_in_the_ workplace.htm.
 
 
 
 
 
احمدزاده، سلیمان (1395)، تبیین و طراحی مدل پرورش مدیران میانی به‌عنوان مربی با رویکرد هم‌افزایی عملکرد در بخش دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: سعید صیادی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان.
امیری، قاسم و محمودزاده، سیدمجتبی (1394)، بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کاهش ترک خدمت کارکنان در سازمان‌های دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: ستاد وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 13، شمارۀ 2: 559 – 579
خدامی، عبدالصم (1392)، طراحی و تببین مدل سازمان مربی­گرا (مورد مطالعه: صنعت بیمه ایران)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: علیرضا موغلی، دانشگاه پیام­نور.
سلاجقه، سنجر و احمدزاده، سلیمان (1393)، بررسی تأثیر رهبری تحول‌آفرین مدیران بر نگرش‌های شغلی دبیران با نقش میانجی هویت سازمانی، پژوهش‌نامۀ مدیریت تحول، سال ششم، شمارۀ12: 72-90.
                سنگری، نگین و پورولی، بهروز (1393)، تأثیر رفتار مربیگری مدیریتی بر نتایج مرتبط با عملکرد کارکنان، فصلنامۀ فرایند مدیریت و توسعه، دورۀ 27، شمارۀ 3 (شماره پیاپی 89): 141-171.
سید جوادین، سید رضا؛ نرگسیان، عباس و باباشاهی، جبار (1389)، بررسی رابطه بین عجین‌شدن با کار بر ویژگی‌های رفتاری، فصلنامۀ چشم‌انداز مدیریت دولتی، شمارۀ 3: 47-62.
شجاعی، سامره؛ صادقی، منصوره و دنکوب، مرتضی (1395)، بررسی رابطه بین رهبری اصیل با نیت جابه‌جایی با نقش میانجی قلدری سازمانی، فصلنامۀ مطالعات رفتار سازمانی، سال پنجم، شمارۀ1(شماره پیاپی 17)، 65 – 91.
فتحی واجارگاه، کوروش؛ خراسانی، اباصلت؛ دانشمندی، سمیه و آرمان، مانی (1393)، بررسی و تبیین مدل مربیگری در آموزش منابع  انسانی بر اساس نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 12، شمارۀ 3، 375 -398.
Agarwal, R.; Angset, C. M., & magni. M. (2009). The performance effects of coaching: a multi level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(10), 2110-2134.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer J. P. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation.Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-858.
 
Bakker, A. B.; Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands-resource model. European Journal of Work and Organizational sychology, 12(4), 393-417.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). Handbook of leadership: Theory, Research, and Applications. NewYork: Free Press.
Beevers K., & Rea, A. (2010). Learning and development practice. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with mplications or research. The Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 55-70.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (1999). Managerial Coaching Behaviors in Learning Organizations. Journal of Management Development, 18(9), 752-771.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (2002). An examination of managers' beliefs about their role as facilitators of learning. Management Learning, 33(2), 147 – 179.
Ellinger, A. D.; Beattie, R. S., & Hamlin, R. G. (2014). The manager as coach. In E. Cox, T. Bachkirova &D. Clutterbuck (Eds.), the Complete Handbook of coaching (2nd ed), London: Sage 
Ellinger, A. D.; Ellinger, A. E., & Keller, S. B. (2003). Supervisor coaching behavior, employee satisfaction and warehouse employee performance: a dyadic perspective in the distribution industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 435 – 458.
Evered, r. d., & Selman, J. C. (1989). Coaching and the art of management. Organizational Dynamics Journal, 18(2), 16- 32.
Gilley, J. W. (2000). Manager as Learning Champion. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 13 (4), 106-121.
Grant, A. M. (2007). Enhancing coaching skills and emotional intelligence through training. industrial and commercial training, 39(5), 257 – 266.
Guther – Jones, M. (2011). The practice of coaching by line managers a tool to improve employee performance, learning and development at Cardiff council. Master Thesis of Public Administration. Cardiff Business of School.
Homan, M., & Miller. L. (2008). Coaching in organizations. best coaching practice from the Ken Belanchard Companies. John Wiley Sonns. Inc.
Jarvis, J. (2004). Coaching and buying coaching services. Chartered Instituted of Personnel and Development.
Joo, B. (2005). Executive coaching: a conceptual framework from an integrative review of practice and research. Human Resource Management Review, 4(4), 462 – 488.
Joo, B. K.; Sushko, J. S., & Mclean, G. N. (2012). Multiple face of coaching: manager – as – coaching, executive coaching, and formal mentoring. Organizational Development Journal, 1(30), 19- 38.
 Kidd, J. M., & Smewing. C. (2001). The role of the supervisor in career and organizational commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 25-40.
Ladyskewsky, R. K. (2010). The manager as coach as a driver of organizational development. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 292 – 306.
Marshall, m. k. (2007). The Critical aspect of coaching outcomes. PHD Thesis in Leadership and Change Program. Antioch University.
McCarthy, G., & Ahrens, J. (2011). Challenges of the coaching manager. 25th Annual Australia New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2011) (pp. 1-1). New Zealand: Anzam.
 
McLean, G. N.; Yang, B.; kuo, M. H. C.; Tolbert, A. S., & Larkinc, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of an instrument measuring managerial coaching skill. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(2), 157 – 178.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and pplication. Thousand Oak, CA: Sage.
Milner, J., & McCarthy, G. (2014). Training for the leader as coach in the Australian context. Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Annual Conference (pp. 1-15). Australia: Australian & New Zealand Academy of Management.
Mottaz, C. J. (1988). Determinants of organizational commitment. Human Relations, 41(6), 467-482.
Orth, C. D.; Wikinson, H. E., & Benfari, R. C. (1987). The manager role as coach and mentor. Organizational Dynamics, 15(4), 66-74.
Park, S. (2007). Relationships among Managerial Coaching in Organizations and the Outcomes of Personal Learning, Organizational Commitment, And Turnover Intention. doctoral dissertation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Peterson, D. B., & Hicks, M. L. (1996). Leader as coach: strategies for coaching and developing others. Minneapolis, MN: Personnel Desiccation International.
Redshow, B. C. (2000). Do we really understand coaching? How can we make it work better? Industrial and commercial Training, 4(33), 198-202.
Robertson, J. (2005). Coaching leadership: building educational leadership capacity partnerships. New Zealand: NZCER Press.
Schiena, CH., & Ivarsson, C. (2005). Coaching as a management philosophy, Social Science and Business administration programmers. Master Thesis. Department and Social Science, Chalmers University.
Skjerve, A. B.; Karlstald, M.; Storseth, F.; Wero, L., & Groton, T. O. (2011). Planning for resilient collaboration at a new petroleum installation, a case study of coaching approach. Science Journal, xxx – xxx: 6 -8.
Sullivan, M. (1992). The coaching of the middle manager in Research Libraries.Library Trends/Fall, Newt even, 4(2), 269-281.
Wales, S. (2003). Why coaching? Journal of change management, 3(3), 275 – 282.
Wason, K. D. (2006). Coaching skills for managers & supervisors. Handbook: Akow Consultiy.
Westlan, C. (2010). Lower Bounds on Sample Size in Structural Equation Modeling.Electron. Commerce Res. Appl, 9 (6), 476–487
Zeus, P., & Skiffington, S. (2003). Establishing a coaching culture Includes extracts.From new text book "Behavioral Coaching" by and published and copyrighted by McGraw – Hill, NewYork,from:http://www.1to1coachingschool.com/Coaching_Culture_in_the_ workplace.htm.
 
 
 
 
 
احمدزاده، سلیمان (1395)، تبیین و طراحی مدل پرورش مدیران میانی به‌عنوان مربی با رویکرد هم‌افزایی عملکرد در بخش دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: سعید صیادی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان.
امیری، قاسم و محمودزاده، سیدمجتبی (1394)، بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر کاهش ترک خدمت کارکنان در سازمان‌های دولتی ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: ستاد وزارت راه و شهرسازی)، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 13، شمارۀ 2: 559 – 579
خدامی، عبدالصم (1392)، طراحی و تببین مدل سازمان مربی­گرا (مورد مطالعه: صنعت بیمه ایران)، رسالۀ دکتری مدیریت دولتی – گرایش منایع انسانی، استاد راهنما: علیرضا موغلی، دانشگاه پیام­نور.
سلاجقه، سنجر و احمدزاده، سلیمان (1393)، بررسی تأثیر رهبری تحول‌آفرین مدیران بر نگرش‌های شغلی دبیران با نقش میانجی هویت سازمانی، پژوهش‌نامۀ مدیریت تحول، سال ششم، شمارۀ12: 72-90.
                سنگری، نگین و پورولی، بهروز (1393)، تأثیر رفتار مربیگری مدیریتی بر نتایج مرتبط با عملکرد کارکنان، فصلنامۀ فرایند مدیریت و توسعه، دورۀ 27، شمارۀ 3 (شماره پیاپی 89): 141-171.
سید جوادین، سید رضا؛ نرگسیان، عباس و باباشاهی، جبار (1389)، بررسی رابطه بین عجین‌شدن با کار بر ویژگی‌های رفتاری، فصلنامۀ چشم‌انداز مدیریت دولتی، شمارۀ 3: 47-62.
شجاعی، سامره؛ صادقی، منصوره و دنکوب، مرتضی (1395)، بررسی رابطه بین رهبری اصیل با نیت جابه‌جایی با نقش میانجی قلدری سازمانی، فصلنامۀ مطالعات رفتار سازمانی، سال پنجم، شمارۀ1(شماره پیاپی 17)، 65 – 91.
فتحی واجارگاه، کوروش؛ خراسانی، اباصلت؛ دانشمندی، سمیه و آرمان، مانی (1393)، بررسی و تبیین مدل مربیگری در آموزش منابع  انسانی بر اساس نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد، فصلنامۀ مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، دورۀ 12، شمارۀ 3، 375 -398.
Agarwal, R.; Angset, C. M., & magni. M. (2009). The performance effects of coaching: a multi level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(10), 2110-2134.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer J. P. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation.Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-858.
 
Bakker, A. B.; Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands-resource model. European Journal of Work and Organizational sychology, 12(4), 393-417.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). Handbook of leadership: Theory, Research, and Applications. NewYork: Free Press.
Beevers K., & Rea, A. (2010). Learning and development practice. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with mplications or research. The Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 55-70.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (1999). Managerial Coaching Behaviors in Learning Organizations. Journal of Management Development, 18(9), 752-771.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (2002). An examination of managers' beliefs about their role as facilitators of learning. Management Learning, 33(2), 147 – 179.
Ellinger, A. D.; Beattie, R. S., & Hamlin, R. G. (2014). The manager as coach. In E. Cox, T. Bachkirova &D. Clutterbuck (Eds.), the Complete Handbook of coaching (2nd ed), London: Sage 
Ellinger, A. D.; Ellinger, A. E., & Keller, S. B. (2003). Supervisor coaching behavior, employee satisfaction and warehouse employee performance: a dyadic perspective in the distribution industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 435 – 458.
Evered, r. d., & Selman, J. C. (1989). Coaching and the art of management. Organizational Dynamics Journal, 18(2), 16- 32.
Gilley, J. W. (2000). Manager as Learning Champion. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 13 (4), 106-121.
Grant, A. M. (2007). Enhancing coaching skills and emotional intelligence through training. industrial and commercial training, 39(5), 257 – 266.
Guther – Jones, M. (2011). The practice of coaching by line managers a tool to improve employee performance, learning and development at Cardiff council. Master Thesis of Public Administration. Cardiff Business of School.
Homan, M., & Miller. L. (2008). Coaching in organizations. best coaching practice from the Ken Belanchard Companies. John Wiley Sonns. Inc.
Jarvis, J. (2004). Coaching and buying coaching services. Chartered Instituted of Personnel and Development.
Joo, B. (2005). Executive coaching: a conceptual framework from an integrative review of practice and research. Human Resource Management Review, 4(4), 462 – 488.
Joo, B. K.; Sushko, J. S., & Mclean, G. N. (2012). Multiple face of coaching: manager – as – coaching, executive coaching, and formal mentoring. Organizational Development Journal, 1(30), 19- 38.
 Kidd, J. M., & Smewing. C. (2001). The role of the supervisor in career and organizational commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(1), 25-40.
Ladyskewsky, R. K. (2010). The manager as coach as a driver of organizational development. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 31(4), 292 – 306.
Marshall, m. k. (2007). The Critical aspect of coaching outcomes. PHD Thesis in Leadership and Change Program. Antioch University.
McCarthy, G., & Ahrens, J. (2011). Challenges of the coaching manager. 25th Annual Australia New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2011) (pp. 1-1). New Zealand: Anzam.