نوع شناسی جو سازمانی با رویکرد تحلیل مضمون

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه مدیریت منابع انسانی؛ دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران

2 گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران

3 مدیریت آموزشی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

4 دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

اهمیت فزاینده توجه به رفتارهای کارکنان در سازمان باعث افزایش تحقیق در زمینه ادراک کارکنان از جو سازمان شده است. علی رغم ادبیات غنی و فزاینده این موضوع تا کنون نوع شناسی جامعی از جو سازمانی ارائه نشده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش ارائه نوع شناسی جو سازمانی می باشد. روش تحقیق ترکیبی است و رویکرد متوالی اکتشافی می باشد. برای تحلیل داده های گردآوری شده از طریق مرور سیستماتیک در بخش کیفی، از تحلیل مضمون استفاده شد. این داده ها یک بار به صورت دستی و یک بار هم توسط نرم افزار MAXQDA کدگذاری شدند. نتیجه تحلیل داده های کیفی، شناسایی 437 کد اولیه، 37 مضامین پایه، 5 مضمون سازمان دهنده و 2 مضمون فراگیر بود که در قالب شبکه مضامین ارائه شده اند. یافته های بخش کیفی در قالب پرسشنامه سنخیت سنجی در اختیار 21 نفر از خبرگان دانشگاهی مدیریت رفتاری قرار گرفت. نتایج تحلیل بخش کمی نشان می دهد که تمامی مضامین شناسایی شده با اعمال اصلاحاتی جزئی مورد تایید قرار گرفتند. با توجه به یافته های پژوهش، نوع شناسی جو سازمانی با روش بیلی (1994) صورت گرفت و جو سازمانی در 6 نوع جو کارکردی، غیر کارکردی، دوستانه، خصمانه، متعالی و غیر متعالی نوع شناسی شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Abbey, A. & Dickson, J. W. (1983). R&D work climate and innovation in semiconductors. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 362-368.
Adenike, A. )2011(. Organizational Climate as a Predictor of Employee Job Satisfaction: Evidence From Covenant University. Business Intelligence Journal, 4(1), 151-165.
Aiswarya, B. & Ramasundaram, G. )2012). A Study on Interference of Work–Life Conflict between Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction of Women Employees in the Information Technology Sector. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 8(3), 351–360.   
Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations: on doing what you love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40(1), 39 - 58.
Andersson, L. M. & Pearson, C. M. (1999). Tit-for-tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 452-471.
Ansari, M.A., Baumgartel, H. & Sullivan, G. (1982). The personal orientation-organizational climate fit and managerial success. Human Relations, 35, 1159 –1178.
Appelbaum, SH., Deguire, K. J. & Lay, M. (2005). The relationship of ethical climate to deviant workplace behavior. Corporate governance Emerald, 5(4), 43-55.
Arabaci, B. (2010). Academic and administration personnel’s perceptions of organizational climate. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 4445–4450.
Argryis, C. (1957). Some problem in conceptualizing organizational climate: A case study of bank. Administrative science quarterly, 2, 505-520.
Armstrong, A. (2003). Corporate governance: Can governance standard change corporate behavior?. Australian Journal of Professional and Applied Ethics, 5(2), 1-10.
Arya, R. & Sainy, M. (2017). To Study the Impact of Organizational Climate on Employee Engagement in the Banking Sector with Special Reference to State Bank of India, Indore. Prestige e-Journal of Management and Research, 4(1), 64-81.
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic Networks: An Analytic Tool for Qualitative Research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405.
Babaei Zakliki, M. A. & Momeni, N. (2007). Leaders and Creation of Transcendental Organization. Tadbir Quarterly, 186, 29-3.
Bailey, K. D. (1994). Typologies and taxonomies: An introduction to classification techniques. Sage University papers: Quantitative applications in the social sciences, No. 07-102. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
Bailey, K. D. (2013). Typology and taxonomy, Introduction to Classification Techniques. translated by Seyyed Mohammad Arabi and Kaveh Khalili Damaghani, Publishing Office of Cultural Research. (In Persian).
Barratt, C. L. (2015). Do creative employees engage in more citizenship and counterproductive work behaviors?. Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University.
Bartkus, B. & Glassman, M. (2008). Do firms practice what they preach? The relationship between mission statements and stakeholder management. Journal of Business Ethics, 83 (2), 207-216.
Beer, M. & Noria, N. (2000). Cracking the code of change. Harvard Business Review, 78(3), 133-141.
Bitsani, E. (2006). Human Resources Management. Athens, Dionikos.
Bitsani E., (2013). Theoretical approaches to the organizational culture and the organizational climate: Exploratory research examples and best policies in health care services. Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(4), 48-55.
Bock, G .W., Zmud, R .W., Kim, Y. G. & Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral Intention Formation in Knowledge Sharing: Examining the Roles of Extrinsic Motivators, Social-Psychological Forces, and Organizational Climate. MIS Quarterly, 29 (1), 87-111.
Bowen, D. D. & Kilmann, R. H. (1975). Developing a comparative measure of the learning climate in professional schools. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 71-79.
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Burton, R. & Obel, B. (2004). Strategic Organizational Diagnosis and Design. jossey Bass, CA.
Burton, R. M., Eriksen, B. H., Hakonsson, D. D., Knudsen, T. & Obel, C. C. (2008). Designing  Organizations; 21st Century Approaches. Springer Science Business Media.
Campbell, J. P., Dunnette, M. D., lawler, E. E. & Weicke, K. E. Jr. (1970). Managerial behavior performance, and effectiveness. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Chen, C.J. & Hung, J.W. (2007). How organizational climate and structure affect knowledge management. International Journal of Information Management, 27(2), 104-118.
Clark, L. O. & Walsh, M. B. (2014). Civility climate mitigates deviant reactions to organizational constraints. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(1), 186-201.
Cole, B. M. & Salimath, M. S. (2013). Diversity identity management: an organizational perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 116 (1), 151-161.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to Great. Random House, London.
Cook, R., Walizer, D. & Mace, D. (1976). Illicit drug use in the army: A social-organizational analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 267-272.
Crespell, P. & Hansen, E. (2007). Work climate and innovativeness in the forest products industry: a preliminary approach. Journal of Forest Products Business Research, 38, 1703- 1715.
Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P. & Victor, B. (2003). The Effects of Ethical Climates on Organizational Commitment: A Two-Study Analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46, 127–141.
Dackert, I., Loov, L. A. & Martensson, M. (2004). Leadership and climate for innovation in teams. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 25(2), 301-318.
Dawson, J. F., Gonzalez-Roma, V., Davis, A. & West, M. A. (2008). Organizational climate and climate strength in UK hospitals. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17(1), 89-111.
DeConinck, B. J. (2011). The effects of ethical climate on organizational identifi cation, supervisory trust, and turnover among salespeople. Journal of Business Research, 64, 617–624.
Dickson, M. W., Resick, C. J. & Hanges, P. J. (2006). When Organizational Climate Is Unambiguous, It Is Also Strong. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 351–364.
Doty, D. H. & Glick, H. W. (1994). Typologies as a Unique Form of Theory Building: Toward Improved Understanding and Modeling. The Academy of Management Review, 19 (2):230-251.
Drexler, J. A. Jr. (1977). Organizational climate: Its homogeneity within organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 38-42.
Edmonson, A. C., Bohmer, R. M. & Pisano, G. P. (2001). Disrupted routines: team learning and new technology implementation in hospitals. Adm. Sci. Q. , 46, 685 –716.
Eisenbeiss, S. A., Boerner, S. & Knippenberg, D. V. (2008). Transformational leadership and team innovation: integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1438 –1446.
Ekvall, G. (1996). Organizational climate for creativity and innovation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(1), 105 -123.
Elci, M. & Alpkan, L. (2009). The impact of perceived organizational ethical climate on work satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 84,297– 311.
Elenkov, D. S. & Manev, I. M. (2009). Senior expatriate leadership's effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence.  Journal of  World Business, 44, 357 –369.
Ellisn, JR. & Hartley, CL. (2000). Managing and coordinating nursing care.  3rd ed, Lippincott, Philadelphia.
Ettlie, J. E. & Vellenga, D. B. (1979). The adoption time period for some transportation innovations. Management Science, 25, 429 –443.
Fay, D., Luhrmann, H. & Kohl, C. (2004), Proactive climate in a post-reorganization setting: when staff compensate managers' weakness. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol, 13, 241 –267.
Ferris, GR. & Kacmar, MK. (1992). Perceptions of organizational politics. Journal of Management, 18 (1), 93-116.
Ferris, GR., Russ, GS. & Fandt, PM. (1989). Politics in organizations. Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum, NJ.
Ferriss, A. L. (2002). Studying and measuring civility: a framework, trends and scale.  Sociological Inquiry, 72 (3), 376-392.
Forehand, G. A. & Gilmer, B. v. H. (1964). Environmental variation in studies of organizational behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 62, 361-382.
Frederiksen, N., Jens, O. & Beaton, E. A. (1968). organizational climates and administrative performance. Princeton, New Jersey.
Gandz, J. & Murray, V. V. (1980). The experience of workplace politics. The Journal of Management, 23(2), 237-251.
Gavin, J. F. (1975). Organizational climate as a function of personal and organizational variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 135–139.
Glisson, C. & Green, P. (2011). Organizational climate, services, and outcomes in child welfare systems. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(8), 582–591.
Glisson, C. (2009). Organizational climate and culture and performance in the humanservices. In R. Patti (Ed.), Handbook of human services management, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications, CA.
Gordon, G. Tomaso, D. N. (1992). Predicting corporate performance from organizational culture. Journal of management studies, 29 (6), 783-798.
Goudarzi, A. & Gminian, V. (2003). Principles, foundations and theories of organizational climate and culture. First edition, Jahad daneshgahi Publication, Isfahan University, Esfahan.
Gregory, B. T., Harris, S. G., Armenakis, A. A. & Shook, C. L. (2008). Organizational culture and effectiveness: A study of values, attitudes, and organizational outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 1-7.
Griffin, M .A. & Mathieu, J. E. (1997). Modeling organizational processes across hierarchical levels: climate, leadership, and group process in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 731–744.
Griffin, M. A., Tesluk, P. E. & Jacobs, R. R. (1995). The effect of bargaining cycles on work-related attitudes: evidence for threat-rigidity effects. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1709–1724.
Grojean, MW., Resick, CJ., Dickson, MW. & Smith, DB. (2004). Leaders, Values, and Organizational Climate: Examining Leadership Strategies for Establishing an Organizational Climate Regarding Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 55(1), 223-41.
Halpin, A. (1970). Organizational Climate. Adapted From, Organizational Behavior in School, Edited by Robert, G. Owens, Englewood Cliffs.  Prentice-Hall Inc., N. J.
Halpin, A. W. & Croft, D. B. (1963). The Organizational Climate of Schools. U. of Chicago, Chicago.
Halpin, A. W. (1966). Theory and Research in Administration. Macmillan, New York.
Hart, P. M., Wearing, A. J. & Griffin, M. A. (1996). Integrating Personal and Organizational Factors into a Coherent Model of Occupational Well-being. 21st Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Cincinnati, OH.
Haynie, J. J., Cullen, K. L., Lester, H. F., Winter, J. & Svyantek, D. J. (2014). Differentiated leader–member exchange, justice climate, and performance: Main and interactive effects. The Leadership Quarterly, 25 (2014), 912–922.
Herdman, A. & McMillan-Capehart, A. (2010). Establishing a diversity program is not enough: exploring the determinants of diversity climate. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25 (1), 39-53.
Hoegl, M., Parboteeah, K. P. & Munson, C. L. (2003). Team-level antecedents of individual’s knowledge networks. Decision Sciences, 34 (4), 741-770.
Hofmann, D. A. & Morgeson, F. P. (1999). Safety-related behavior as a social exchange: The role of perceived organizational support and leader–member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 286-296.
Hoi, W. K. & Mischel, S. J. (1997). Theory, research, and educational practice. Volume II, Translation by Seyyed Mohammad Abbaszadeh, Urmia University Press, urmia.
Holloway, J. B. (2012). Leadership Behavior and Organizational Climate: An Empirical Study in a Nonprofit Organization.  Emerging Leadership Journeys, 5(1), 9- 35.
Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, Addison-Wesley, MA.
Houghton, J. D., Neck, C. P., & Krishnakumar, S. (2016). The what, why, and how of spirituality in the workplace revisited: a 14-year update and extension. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 92, 1-30.
Hsieh, H. H. & Wang, Y. D. (2016). Linking perceived ethical climate to organizational deviance: The cognitive, affective, and attitudinal mechanisms. Journal of Business Research, 69, 3600 –3608.
Huseyin, G. (2008). Organizational climate and academic staff’s perception on climate factors.  Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 3 (1), 37-48.
Hyeung Kang, J., Matusik, J. G., Kim, T. Y. & Phillips, J. M. (2016). Interactive effects of multiple organizational climates on employee innovative behavior in entrepreneurial firms: A cross level investigation. Journal of Business Venturing, 31, 628 –642.
Isaksen, S. G. & Ekvall, G. (2010). Managing for innovation: the two faces of tension in creative climates. Creat. Innov. Manag, 19, 73 –88.
Jahangir, M. & Mehreen, A. (2011). A review of organizational silence antecedents and its impact on job attitudes. Sarhad Journal of Management Sciences, 3 (1), 1-10.
James, L. & Jones, A. (1974). Organizational climate: A review of theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 18, 1096- 1112.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G. & Wolf, G. (1993). rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 306-309.
James, L. A. & James, L. R. (1989). Integrating work environment perceptions: Explorations into the measurement of meaning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 739–751.
James, L. R. & McIntyre, M. D. (1996). Perceptions of organizational climate. In: Murphy, K. (Ed.), Individual Differences and Behavior in Organizations. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
Janz, B. D. & Prasarnphanich, P. (2003). Understanding the antecedents of effective knowledge management: The importance of a knowledge-centered culture. Decision Sciences, 34 (2), 351- 384.
Jaw, B. S. & Liu, W. (2003). Promoting organizational learning and self-renewal in Taiwanese companies: The role of HRM. Human Resource Management, 42, 223-241.
Johnson, D. W. (2003). Reaching out: Interpersonal effectiveness and self-actualization. Boston, MA: Allyn& Bacon.
Joyce, W. F. & Slocum, J. (1982). Climate discrepancy: Refining the concepts of psychological and organizational climate.  Human Relations, 35, 951-972.
Kanten, P. & Ulker, F. E. (2013). The Effect of Organizational Climate on Counterproductive Behaviors: An Empirical Study on the Employees of Manufacturing Enterprises. The Macro theme Review, 2 (4), 144-160.
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. Wiley, New York.
Katzell, R. A., Barrett, R. S. & Parker, T. C. (1961). Job satisfaction, job performance, and situational characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45, 65-66.
Kerr, W., Keenan, V. & Sherman, W. (1951). Psychological climate and accidents in an automotive plant. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(2), 108-111.
Kim, H. & Hopkins, M. K. (2016). The Quest for Rural Child Welfare Workers: How Different Are They from Their Urban Counterparts in Demographics, Organizational Climate, and Work Attitudes? Children and Youth Services Review, 1-33.
Kopelman, R. E., Brief, A. P. & Guzzo, R. A. (1990). The role of climate and culture in productivity. Organizational Climate and Culture, 282-318.
Kozlowski, S. W. J. & Doherty, M. L. (1989). The integration of climate and leadership – examination of a neglected issue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 546-553.
Kozlowski, S. W. J. & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations. Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Kulkarni, S. R. (1989). Organizational climate. In quest of academic excellence: A study of the role of organizational climate. National book organization.
Langford, P. (2009).  Measuring organizational climate and employee engagement: evidence for a 7 ps model of work practices and outcomes. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61 (4), 185–198.
Lawrence, P. R. & Lorsc, J. W. (1967). Differentiation and Integration in Complex Organizations. Administrative science quarterly, 12(1), 1-47.
Lewin, K. (1943). Defining the field at a given time. Psychological Review, 50, 292–310.
Lewis, P. S., Goodman, SH., Fandt, P. M. & Michlitsch, J. F. (2004). Management: challenges for tomorrow's leaders. 4th ed. Florence (KY): Cengage Learning.
Li, A. & Cropanzano, R. (2009). Fairness at the Group Level: Justice Climate, and Intraunit Justice Climate. Journal of Management, 35 (3), 564-599.
Liao, H. & Rupp, D. E. (2005). The impact of justice climate and justice orientation on work outcomes: A cross-level multifoci framework. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 242-256.
Likert, R. (1967). The human Organization. New York, McGraw- Hill.
Lindell, M. K. & Brandt, C. J. (2000). Climate quality and climate consensus as mediators of the relationship between organizational antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 331-345.
Litwin, G. & String, K. (1968). Motivation and organizational climate. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
Luthan, B. (2005). Managing and culture: A futures perspective, in J. Hage (Ed), The futures of organizations (181- 200). Lexington. MA. Lexington Books.
Mafabi, S., Munene, C. J. & Ahiauzu, A. (2015). Creative climate and organizational resilience: the mediating role of innovation. International Journal ofOrganizational Analysis, 23 (4), 564-587.
Mahajan, A. & Benson, P. (2011). Organizational justice climate, social capital and firm performance. Journal of Management Development, 7, 721-736.
Manning, R. L. (2010). Development of the psychological climate scale for small business. Journal of New Business Ideas & Trends, 8, 51-50.
Marques, J., Dhiman, S. & King, R. (2005). Spirituality in the workplace: Developing an Integral model and a Comprehensive Definition. The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 7(1), 81-91.
McGregor, D. M. (1960). The human side of enterprise. McGraw-Hill, New York.
McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M. & Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial differences in employee retention: are diversity climate perceptions the key?. Personnel Psychology, 60 (1), 35-62.
Mckimmey, J. C. (1966). Constructive typology and social theory. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
Mirkamali, S. M. (1994). Human relationships in school. Management. Quarterly management in Education, 2 (7), 9-10
Mitroff, L. & Denton, E. (1999). A Study of Spirituality in the Workplace. Sloan Management Review, 83-92.
Moran, E. T. & Volkwein, J. F. (1992). The cultural approach to the formation of organizational climate. Human Relations, 45 (1), 19-47.
Morrison, E. & Milliken, F. (2000). Organizational silence: a barrier to change and development in pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review, 25 (4), 706-25.
Mumford, M .D. & Gustafson, S.B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: integration, application, and innovation. Psychol. Bull, 103, 27-43.
Nasehifar, V. & Almasifard, R. (2009). The position of Work Spirituality in Today's Organizational Society. Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology, 4 (3, 4), 17-28.
Nasurdin, A. M., Ahmad, N. H. & Razalli, A. A. (2014). Politics, justice, stress, and deviant behavior in organizations: an empirical analysis. International Journal of Business and Society, 15 (2), 235-254.
Naumann, S. E. & Bennett, N. (2000). A case for procedural justice climate: Development and test of a multilevel model. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 881-889.
Nayar, K. S. B. (2015). Differential Effects of Organizational Climate and Size on Job Satisfaction and Role Stress. Gujarat University.
Nazari, J. A., Herremans, I. M., Isaac, R. G., Manassian, A. & Kline, T. J. B. (2011). Organizational culture, climate and IC: an interaction analysis. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 12 (2), 224-248.
Nazem, F. (2005). Comparison of organizational climate and its dimensions in educational centers affiliated to education and higher education centers. Journal of Educational Sciences and related fields, 1 (1), 11-24.
Nedkovski, V., Guerci, M., Battisti, D. F. & Siletti, E. (2017). Organizational ethical climates and employee's trust in colleagues, the supervisor, and the organization. Journal of Business Research, 71, 19 –26.
Novalien, L .C. (2017). The antecedents of deviant workplace behaviors on the employees of regional apparatus organization (ODP) in Maluku province. RJOAS, 6(66), 165-174.
Özduran, A. & Tanova, C. (2017). Coaching and employee organizational citizenship behaviours: The role of procedural justice climate. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 60, 58-66.
Panny, R. L. & Spector, P. E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): the moderating role of negative affectivity. J. Organiz. Behav, 26, 777–796.
Parboteeah, K. P., Chen, H. Ch., Lin, Y. T., Chen, I. H., Lee, A. Y. P. & Chung, A. (2010). Establishing Organizational Ethical Climates: How Do Managerial Practices Work?. Journal of Business Ethics, 1- 13.
Patterson, M. G., West, M. A., Shackleton, V. J., Dawson, J. F., Lawthom, R., Maitlis, S., Robinson, D. L. & Wallace, A. M. (2005). Validating the organizational climate measure: links to managerial practices, productivity and innovation. Journal of  Organizational Behavior, 26, 379–408.
Patterson, M., Warr, P. & West, M. (2004). Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 193–216.
Payne, R. L., Fineman, S. & Wall, T. D. (1976). Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction: A Conceptual Synthesis. Organizational behavior and human performance, 16, 45-62.
Pfeifer, C. M. & Schneider, B. (1974). University climate perceptions by black and white students. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 660-662.
Prasanna, V. J. & Madhavaiah, C. (2017). Effects of workplace spirituality towards counterproductive behavior in automobile manufacturing sector with reference to Tamilnadu district. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 2(6), 375-379.
Pritchard, R. D. & Karasick, B. W. (1973). The effect of organizational climate on managerial job performance and job satisfaction. Organizational behavior and human performance, 9, 126-146.
Qashqaizadeh, N., Alavi, S .H. & Javadi, Y. (2007). Investigating the Relationship between Organizational Climate and Academic Achievement of Students in High Schools of Semirom. Quarterly Journal of Educational Management, 1(2), 143-155.
Reichard, A. E. & Schneider B. (2009). Climate and culture: An Evaluation of Construct. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Rentsch, J. (1990). Climate and culture: Interaction and qualitative differences in organizational meanings. Journal of applied Psychology, 75(6), 668-681.
Rezaei Dowlatabadi, H. (2008). Industrial Job Analysis of Organizational Environment in Steel Industry. Industrial Management Studies Quarterly, 12, 143-136.
Rich, P. (1992). The Organizational Taxonomy: Definition and Design. The Academy of Management Review, 17 (4): 758-781.
Riggle, R. J. (2007). The Impact of Organizational Climate Variables of Perceived Organizational Support,Workplace Isolation, and Ethical Climate on Salesperson Psychological and Behavioral Outcome. Doctoral Thesis, University of South Florida.
Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Justice in teams: The activation and role of sense making in the emergence of justice climates.  Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100, 177-192.
Rosen, H. (1961). Desirable attributes of work: Four levels of management describe their job environments. Journal of applied psychology, 45(3), 156-160.
Schein, E. H. (1965). Organizational psychology.  Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall.
Schneider, B. & Bartlett, C. J. (1970). Individual differences and organizational climate II; measures of organizational climate by the multi-trait, multi-rater matrix. Personnel Psychology, 23, 493-512.
Schneider, B. & Bowen, D. E. (1985). Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks: Replication and extension. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 423-433.
Schneider, B. & Hall, D. T. (1972). Towards specifying the concept of work climate: A study of Roman Catholic Diocesan priests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 447-455.
Schneider, B. & Snyder, R. A. (1975). Some relationships between job satisfaction and organizational climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 318-328.
Schneider, B. (1973). The perception of organizational climate: The customer’s view. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 248-256.
Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G. & Macey, W.H. (2013). Organizational climate and culture.  Annu. Rev. Psychol, 64, 361-388.
Schneider, B., González-Romá, V., Ostroff, C. & West, M. A. (2017). Organizational Climate and Culture: Reflections on the History of the Constructs in JAP. Journal of AppliedPsychology, Advance online publication, 1-16.
Schneider, B., Parkington, J. P. & Buxton, V. M. (1980). Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 252-267.
Schneider, B., Wheeler, J. K. & Cox, J. F. (1992). A passion for service: using content analysis to explicate service climate themes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 705–716.
Schneider, B., White, S. & Paul, M. C. (1998). Linking Service Climate and Customer Perceptions of Service Quality: Test of a Causal Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (2), 150- 162.
Schwepker, CH. (2001). Ethical climate's relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in the sales force.  Journal of Business Research, 54(1): 39-52.
Schwepker, J. R. & Good, D. J. (2009). Ethical climate’s influence on sales management Practices. Journal of Selling & Major Account Management, 8-24.
Sebora, T. C. & Theerapatvong, T. (2010). Corporate entrepreneurship: a test of external and internal influences on managers' idea generation, risk taking, and pro activeness.  Int. Entrep. Manag. J., 6, 331 –350.
Senge, P. (1999). The Dance of Change: The Challenges of Sustaining Momentum in Learning Organizations. Nicholas Brealey Publishing, London.
Shadur. M. A., Kienzle, R. & Rodwell, J. J. (1999). The relationship between organizational climate and employee perception of involvement. Group & organization management, 4(4), 479-503.
Shirazi, A., Khodoverdian, E. & Na'imi, M. (2012). The Impact of Organizational Trust on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (Case Study: North Khorasan Gas Company). Transformation Management Research, (7), 133-154.
Sirca, N. T., Banic, K. & Breznik, K. (2013). Towards organizational performance, Understanding human resource management climate. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 113 (3), 367-384.
Smidts, A., Pruyn, A. & Van Riel, C. (2001). The impact of employee communication and perceived external prestige on organizational identification. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (5), 1051-63.
Spychala, A. & Sonnentag, S. (2011). The dark and the bright sides of proactive work behaviour and situational constraints: Longitudinal relationships with task conflicts. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 20 (5), 654–680.
Stringer, B. (2002). Organizational Climate and Culture. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Sugarman, B. (2001). A learning-based approach to organizational change: some results and guidelines. Organizational Dynamics, 30 (1)62-76.
Svyantek, D. J. & Bott, J. (2004). Received wisdom and the relationship between diversity and organizational performance. Organizational Analysis, 12(3), 295-317.
Tagiuri, R. & Litwin, G. H. (1968). Organizational Climate: Exploration of a concept. Boston: Harvard University press.
Thomke, S. (1998). Managing experimentation in the design of new products.  Manag. Sci., 44, 743 –762.
Thumin, F. J. & Thumin, L .J. (2011). The measurement and interpretation of organizational climate. J. Psychol., 145, 93 –109.
Too, L. & Harvey, M. (2012). TOXIC workplaces: the negative interface between the physical and social environments. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 14(3)171- 181.
Triana, M. D. C. & Garcia, M. F. (2009). Valuing diversity: a group-value approach to understanding the importance of organizational efforts to support diversity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 941-962.
Tseng, F. C. & Fan, Y. J. (2011). Exploring the influence of organizational ethical climate on knowledge management. Journal of Business Ethics, 101, 325–342.
Vakola, M. & Bouradas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organizational silence: an empirical investigation. Employee e Relations, 27(5), 441-458.
Van der Vegt, G. S., Van de Vliert, E. & Huang, X. (2005). Location-level links between diversity and innovative climate depend on national power distance. Acad. Manag. J., 48, 1171-1182.
Victor, B. & Cullen, J. B. (1987). A Theory and Measure of Ethical Climate in Organizations, in W. C. Fredrick and L. Preston (eds.), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, JAI, London.
Vigoda , E. (2002). Stress-related aftermaths to workplace politics: the relationships among politic job distress, and aggressive behavior in organizations. J. Organiz. Behav., 23, 1-21.
Wallace, J., Hunt, J. & Christopher, R. (1999). The relationship between organizational.  Culture, organizational climate and managerial values. International of public sector management, 12(7), 548-564
Walsh, B. M., Magley, V. J., Reeves, D. W., Davies-Schrils, K. A., Marmet, M. D. & Gallus, J. A. (2012). Assessing workgroup norms for civility: the development of the civility norms questionnaire-brief. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27 (4), 407-420.
Weber, M. (1947). Theory of social and economic organization. Translated by A.R. Henderson and T. Parsons, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Weber, M. (1949). The methodology of the social sciences. Translated by E. A. Shils and H. A. Finch. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
West, M. A. & Anderson, N. R. (1996). Innovation in top management teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 680-693.
Yaminfirooz, M., Nooshinfard, F. & Siamian, H. (2015). Structural equation model of organizational climate in Iranian academic libraries. The Electronic Library, 33 (5),  943 -958.
Yang, J. (2016). Thriving Organizational Sustainability through Innovation: Incivility. Climate and Teamwork, Sustainability, 8 (860), 1-12.
Yener, M., Yaldiran, M. & Ergun, S. (2012). The Effect of Ethical Climate on Work Engagement. Social and Behavioral Sciences. The International Strategic Management Conference, 58,724 – 73.
Yin Lau, P. Y., Terpstra Tong, L. Y. J., Ya-Hui Lien, B. & Hsu, Y. C. (2017). Ethical work climate, employee commitment and proactive customer service performance: Test of the mediating effects of organizational politics. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 35, 20–26.
Zahedi, SH. & Panahi, A. (2008). The Role of Spirituality in Banking Effectiveness. Quarterly Journal of Management Development Studies, 58, 191-209.
Zare, A., Ebrahimi, M., Snjaghi, M. & E. Ramezan, M. (2017). Identification and ranking of factors affecting the creation of organizational toxic climate as antecedent of organizational toxic culture. Journal of Organizational Behavior Studies, 6 (1), 1-32.
Zohar, D. & Hofmann, D. A. (2012). Organizational culture and climate. In S. W. J. Kozlowski (Ed.). Oxford handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Oxford University Press.
Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 96-102.
Zuzana, S. (2009). Organizational Climate Versus Training System: What is More Important in Workplace Learning? Proceeding of the 28-30th European Conference on Educational Research (ECER), Vienna, Austria, 1-10.